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Guidelines for Formatting Footnotes
- Note reference numbers in the text as a superscript number.
- Footnotes are numbered consecutively, beginning with 1. Each chapter or section of a text should restart the consecutive numbering, unless the text has no internal divisions.
- Note numbers are generally placed at the end of the sentence, after punctuation. Note numbers are also placed after the punctuation and quotation marks when citing a direct quote.
- Subsequent citations of the same source, either immediately following the initial citation or later in the text, should use a shortened form of the citation.
- The shortened citation is generally the last name of the author and the main title of the work, shortened if the title is more than four words.
- If the work has more 2 or 3 authors, list each author’s last name. If the work has 4 or more authors, use the first author’s last name and “et al.”